Oil Tanker Spill Statistics 2018
Background
ITOPF maintains a database of oil spills from tank vessels, including combined carriers, FPSOs and barges. This contains information on accidental spillages of persistent and non-persistent hydrocarbon oil since 1970, except those resulting from acts of war. The data held includes the location and cause of the incident, the vessel involved, the type of oil spilt and the spill amount. For historical reasons, spills are generally categorised by size, <7 tonnes, 7-700 tonnes and >700 tonnes (<50 bbls, 50-5,000 bbls, >5,000 bbls), although the actual amount spilt is also recorded. Information is now held on over 10,000 incidents, the vast majority of which fall into the smallest category i.e. <7 tonnes.
Information is gathered from published sources, such as the shipping press and other specialist publications, as well as from vessel owners, their insurers and from ITOPF's own experience at incidents. Unsurprisingly, information from published sources generally relates to large spills, often resulting from collisions, groundings, structural damage, fires or explosions.
Number of oil spills in 2018
For the year 2018, we recorded three large spills (>700 tonnes) and three medium spills (7–700 tonnes).
The first large spill occurred early in the new year when a tanker collided with another vessel resulting in a fire/explosion and consequently sank in the East China Sea. The second incident involved a tanker which sank in the Persian Gulf with over 1000 tonnes of cargo on board. The third large spill occurred late in the year when a tanker collided with another tanker in China resulting in a spill of oil cargo.
The first medium sized spill was recorded in the Gulf of Guinea in February and occurred during a ship-to-ship transfer. The second resulted from an allision and occurred in June in Europe. The third medium sized spill occurred in Africa in November when a vessel dragged anchor and collided with another vessel.
Quantity of oil spilt in 2018
The total volume of oil lost to the environment recorded in 2018 was approximately 116,000 tonnes, the majority of which can be attributed to the incident involving the MT SANCHI that occurred in the East China Sea. This annual quantity is the largest recorded in 24 years.
Global oil spill trend
Over the last 49 years, statistics for spills greater than 7 tonnes from tankers show a marked downward trend as illustrated below.
See 2018 Statistics Pack for more detailed information.
IMPORTANT INFORMATION
It should be noted that the figures for the amount of oil spilt in an incident include all oil lost to the environment, including that which burnt or remained in a sunken vessel. There is considerable annual variation in both the incidence of oil spills and the amounts of oil lost. While we strive to maintain precise records for all spill information, we cannot guarantee that the information taken from the shipping press and other sources is complete or accurate. The number of incidents and volumes of oil spilt are recorded based on the most up to date information. From time to time, data is received after publication and, in which case, adjustment to previous entries may be made. Consequently, the figures in the following tables, and any averages derived from them, should be viewed with a degree of caution.
Tanker spills from 1970 to 2018
The number of large spills (>700 tonnes) has decreased significantly over the last few decades and since 2010 averages 1.9 per year.
It is interesting to note that the progressive reduction in the number of large spills is significant when data is analysed per decade rather than annually. Data recorded from 1970 to 2018 illustrate fluctuations in the yearly values within a decade.
A decline can also be observed with medium sized spills (7-700 tonnes). Here, the average number of spills per year in the 1990s was 28.1, reducing to 14.9 in the 2000s and is currently 4.7 for the 2010s (not a complete decade).
While increased tanker movements might imply increased risk, it is encouraging to observe that the downward trend in oil spills continues despite an overall increase in oil trading over the period (figure below right).
*Nine years of data for the period 2010-2018
Large oil spills
When looking at the frequency and quantities of oil spilt, it should be noted that a few very large spills are responsible for a high percentage of the oil spilt. For example, in more recent decades the following can be seen:
• In the 1990s there were 358 spills of 7 tonnes and over, resulting in 1,134,000 tonnes of oil lost; 73% of this amount was spilt in just 10 incidents.
• In the 2000s there were 181 spills of 7 tonnes and over, resulting in 196,000 tonnes of oil lost; 75% of this amount was spilt in just 10 incidents.
• In the nine year period 2010-2018 there have been 59 spills of 7 tonnes and over, resulting in 163,000 tonnes of oil lost; 92% of this amount was spilt in just 10 incidents. One incident is responsbile for about 70% of the quantity of oil spilt this decade.
In terms of the volume of oil spilt the figures for a particular year may be severely distorted by a single large incident. This is clearly illustrated by incidents such as ATLANTIC EMPRESS (1979), 287,000 tonnes spilt; CASTILLO DE BELLVER (1983), 252,000 tonnes spilt; ABT SUMMER (1991), 260,000 tonnes spilt; and SANCHI (2018), 113,000 tonnes spilt.
Causes of large oil spills
In the period 1970 to 2018, 50% of large spills occurred while the vessels were underway in open water; allisions, collisions and groundings accounted for 58% of the causes of these spills. Perhaps unsurprisingly, these same causes account for an even higher percentage of incidents when the vessel was underway in inland or restricted waters, being linked to some 99% of spills.
Major Oil Spills
A summary of the top 20 major spills that have occurred since the TORREY CANYON in 1967 is given below. It is of note that 19 of the 20 largest spills recorded occurred before the year 2000. SANCHI, the latest addition to the list, is the only major spill of non-persistent oil featured here and it resulted in significantly lower environmental impacts compared to some crude oil spills listed.
A number of the incidents, despite their large size, necessitated little or no response as the oil was spilt some distance offshore and did not impact coastlines. For this reason some of the names listed may be unfamiliar.
EXXON VALDEZ and HEBEI SPIRIT are included for comparison although these incidents are further down the list. PRESTIGE is also included for comparison.
Top 20 Major Spills Table
| Position | Shipname | Year | Location | Spill Size (tonnes) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ATLANTIC EMPRESS | 1979 | Off Tobago, West Indies | 287,000 |
| 2 | ABT SUMMER | 1991 | 700 nautical miles off Angola | 260,000 |
| 3 | CASTILLO DE BELLVER | 1983 | Off Saldanha Bay, South Africa | 252,000 |
| 4 | AMOCO CADIZ | 1978 | Off Brittany, France | 223,000 |
| 5 | HAVEN | 1991 | Genoa, Italy | 144,000 |
| 6 | ODYSSEY | 1988 | 700 nautical miles off Nova Scotia, Canada | 132,000 |
| 7 | TORREY CANYON | 1967 | Scilly Isles, UK | 119,000 |
| 8 | SEA STAR | 1972 | Gulf of Oman | 115,000 |
| 9 | SANCHI | 2018 | Off Shanghai, China | 113,000 |
| 10 | IRENES SERENADE | 1980 | Navarino Bay, Greece | 100,000 |
| 11 | URQUIOLA | 1976 | La Coruna, Spain | 100,000 |
| 12 | HAWAIIAN PATRIOT | 1977 | 300 nautical miles off Honolulu | 95,000 |
| 13 | INDEPENDENTA | 1979 | Bosphorus, Turkey | 94,000 |
| 14 | JAKOB MAERSK | 1975 | Oporto, Portugal | 88,000 |
| 15 | BRAER | 1993 | Shetland Islands, UK | 85,000 |
| 16 | AEGEAN SEA | 1992 | La Coruna, Spain | 74,000 |
| 17 | SEA EMPRESS | 1996 | Milford Haven, UK | 72000 |
| 18 | KHARK 5 | 1989 | 120 nautical miles off Atlantic coast of Morocco | 70,000 |
| 19 | NOVA | 1985 | Off Kharg Island, Gulf of Iran | 70,000 |
| 20 | KATINA P | 1992 | Off Maputo, Mozambique | 67,000 |
| 21 | PRESTIGE | 2002 | Off Galicia, Spain | 63,000 |
| 36 | EXXON VALDEZ | 1989 | Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA | 37,000 |
| 132 | HEBEI SPIRIT | 2007 | South Korea | 11,000 |
